igroup presence questionnaire (IPQ) overview
Message from Thomas and Holger (30 March 2025)
After over 20 years since we've developed the Igroup Presence Questionnaire we are pleased to see that this instrument is still in use, and, apparently, even increasingly so. Thank you research community!
With your help, we've learned a lot over the years, and we want to share some main aspects with you here:
Our former PhD student Tanh, and now Dr Tran!, analysed your studies and we are presenting our lessons learned in this paper:
Tran, T. Q., Langlotz, T., Young, J., Schubert, T. W., & Regenbrecht, H. (2024). Classifying presence scores: Insights and analysis from two decades of the igroup presence questionnaire (ipq). ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 31(5), 1-26.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3689046
For instance, we would recommend to always use the full item list of the IPQ and not only its subscales, to move to a 7-point -3 .. +3 scale, and to cross validate the different language versions of the IPQ before or with usage.
Tanh also looked into presence measures for mixed reality (MR, AR, XR) since many of you have used the IPQ in its original or in a revised/amended form to measure MR experiences. While we understand that using a VR presence scale is better than nothing, it comes with some significant limitations. Please read our paper:
Tran, T. Q., Langlotz, T., & Regenbrecht, H. (2024, May). A survey on measuring presence in mixed reality. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-38).
https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3613904.3642383
Also, if you want to know more about where we are conceptually coming from with presence then please have a read of our introductory, more "opinion piece style" article on this. Here, we believe, two aspects make VR so powerful and unique: (1) its embodied interaction character and (2) its ability to turn non-projectable properties into projectable properties. Have a read and you see what we mean!
Regenbrecht, H. and Schubert, T. W. (2022). Designing for Presence: Embodied Interaction in Computer-Mediated Realities. In Nowostawski, M. and Regenbrecht, H. Festschrift for Martin Purvis. An Information Science Renaissance Man. College Publications: Rickmansworth/UK, 2023.
https://www.hci.otago.ac.nz/papers/RegenbrechtPSYARXIV2023.pdf
Finally, Tanh produced a web-based tool for the analysis if IPQ data which you can find here:
https://hci.otago.ac.nz/ipqcal/.
We hope that this tool will help you to understand other studies and to improve your own.
Collegial Greetings from Norway and New Zealand
Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ)
Overview
We understand the sense of presence as the subjective sense of being in a virtual environment. Importantly, the sense of presence can be separated from the ability of a technology to immerse a user. While this immersion is a variable of the technology and can be desribed objectively, presence is a variable of a user's experience. Therefore, we obtain measures of the sense of presence from subjective rating scales.
The Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) is a scale for measuring the sense of presence experienced in a virtual environment (VE). It has been constructed using a large pool of items and two survey waves with approximately 500 participants. It was originally constructed in German, but is now also available in English and Dutch. The item pool included both previously published items (translated into German) and new items. The IPQ, as we now publish and release it, also includes both types of items.
The current version of the IPQ has three subscales and one additional general item not belonging to a subcale. The three subscales emerged from principal component analyses and can be regarded as fairly independent factors. They are:
- Spatial Presence - the sense of being physically present in the VE
- Involvement - measuring the attention devoted to the VE and the involvmenet experienced
- Experienced Realism - measuring the subjective experience of realism in the VE
The additional general item assesses the general "sense of being there", and has high loadings on all three factors, with an especially strong loading on Spatial Presence.
The release of the questionnaire has the goal of making it available free of charge. Note that the English version of the questionnaire contains some items previously published by other authors. Those items are marked in the questionnaire.
Along with the items, we also provide data collected with the IPQ items. The data are supplemented by information on the participants and the technology used. You may realize that the publication of raw data is still a rather unusal step in the scientific community. The goal of this step is to provide you with a solid basis for understanding the data you collect with the IPQ. Furthermore, we strongly encourage all researchers who are collecting data with the IPQ to add those data to the database.
References
To learn more about how the IPQ was developed and tested, please refer to:
Regenbrecht, H., & Schubert, T. (2002). Real and illusory interaction enhance presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11(4), 425-434.
Schubert, T. (2003). The sense of presence in virtual environments: A three-component scale measuring spatial presence, involvement, and realness. Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie, 15, 69-71.
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (1999). Embodied Presence in Virtual Environments. In Ray Paton & Irene Neilson (Eds.), Visual Representations and Interpretations (pp. 269-278). London: Springer-Verlag.
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(3), 266-281.
Schubert, T., & Regenbrecht, H. (2002). Wer hat Angst vor virtueller Realität? Phobie, Therapie und Präsenz in virtuellen Welten [Who is afraid of virtual reality? Phobia, therapy and presence and virtual worlds]. In Bente, G. (Hrsg.), Virtuelle Realitäten [Virtual Realities], pp. 255-274. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
If you want to have a preprint / pdf-version of these papers, or if you have further questions, please mail us:
Thomas Schubert, University of Jena, Germany, schubert[@]igroup.org
Frank Friedmann, Leipzig, Germany, friedmann[@]igroup.org
Holger Regenbrecht, DaimlerChrysler, Ulm, Germany, regenbre[@]igroup.org
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1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Use of undefined constant c - assumed 'c' in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |
( ! ) Notice: Undefined offset: 12 in /home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php on line 1 |
Call Stack |
# | Time | Memory | Function | Location |
1 | 0.0006 | 223800 | {main}( ) | .../index.php:0 |
2 | 0.0011 | 247936 | include( '/home3/unternehmen/public_html/igroup/_layout/footer.php' ) | .../index.php:113 |